How does Python connect to a database like PostgreSQL or MySQL?

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Python connects to databases like PostgreSQL or MySQL using database connectors (drivers) and ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) tools. These connectors allow Python to interact with databases by sending SQL queries and receiving results.

For PostgreSQL, the most common driver is psycopg2. For MySQL, it's mysql-connector-python or PyMySQL. These libraries let you:

1. Establish a connection using host, port, username, password, and database name.

2. Create a cursor to execute SQL queries.

3. Execute queries (e.g., SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE).

4. Fetch results and close the connection.

For higher-level abstraction, Python developers often use ORM tools like SQLAlchemy or Django ORM, which allow database interaction using Python objects instead of raw SQL. This simplifies development and improves code readability and maintainability.

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