Explain how React uses virtual DOM to optimize rendering.

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React uses a virtual DOM (Document Object Model) to optimize UI rendering and improve performance. Instead of directly manipulating the real DOM every time a component’s state or props change (which can be slow), React maintains an in-memory representation of the UI—a lightweight copy of the real DOM called the virtual DOM.

Here’s how it works:

1. Initial Render: When a React component is first rendered, a virtual DOM tree is created, mirroring the structure of the actual DOM.

2. Updates: When a component’s state or props change, React doesn’t immediately update the real DOM. Instead, it creates a new virtual DOM tree that reflects the updated state.

3. Diffing: React compares the new virtual DOM with the previous one using a process called reconciliation. This "diffing" algorithm identifies the minimal set of changes (differences or “diffs”) needed to update the actual DOM.

4. Efficient Updates: Based on the diff results, React updates only the parts of the real DOM that changed, instead of re-rendering the entire UI. This minimizes expensive DOM operations and improves performance.

By abstracting direct DOM manipulation and applying changes selectively, the virtual DOM allows React to deliver fast and efficient rendering, even in complex applications with frequent UI updates.

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