What is encapsulation?

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Encapsulation is one of the fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP). It refers to the practice of bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on that data into a single unit, typically a class. Encapsulation also involves restricting direct access to some of the object's components, which helps protect the internal state of the object and enforce controlled interaction through public methods.

Key Concepts:

• Data Hiding: Internal details of an object are hidden from the outside. Only necessary information is exposed using public methods (getters and setters).

• Access Modifiers: Encapsulation is implemented using access specifiers:

• public: accessible from anywhere.

• private: accessible only within the class.

• protected: accessible within the class and its subclasses.

Here, the __age attribute is private. Access is controlled through get_age() and set_age() methods, ensuring that invalid values can't be directly assigned.

Benefits of Encapsulation:

• Improves security by preventing unintended interference.

• Enhances maintainability by isolating changes.

• Supports modularity, making the code easier to understand and test.

• Provides control over data through getter and setter methods.

In short, encapsulation ensures that an object’s internal state is shielded from external modification, promoting a clean, maintainable, and secure code structure.

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