What is an ORM? Name some Python ORMs.

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ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) is a programming technique that allows you to interact with a relational database using object-oriented code instead of writing raw SQL queries.

With an ORM, database tables are mapped to Python classes, and rows become instances (objects) of those classes. This abstraction makes database interactions cleaner, safer, and more maintainable.

Benefits of ORM:

• No need to write SQL manually for most operations.

• Increases code readability and portability.

• Automatically handles data conversion between database types and Python types.

• Offers protection against SQL injection attacks.

How ORM Works (Example):

Suppose you have a table Book with columns id and title. In an ORM, you define:

To create a book:

To fetch books:

Popular Python ORMs:

1. Django ORM

   • Built into the Django web framework.

   • Fully featured and tightly integrated with Django’s tools.

2. SQLAlchemy

   • A powerful and flexible ORM for any Python application.

   • Supports both ORM and core SQL expression language.

3. Peewee

   • Lightweight ORM for small applications.

   • Simple and easy to use.

4. Tortoise ORM

   • Async ORM inspired by Django, made for modern async Python apps.

Summary:

ORMs simplify database operations by allowing developers to work with Python objects instead of SQL. Django ORM, SQLAlchemy, and Peewee are popular choices depending on your project size and complexity.

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