What are controlled and uncontrolled components in React?

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In React, controlled and uncontrolled components refer to how form data is managed within components.

Controlled Components

A controlled component is a form element (like <input>, <textarea>, or <select>) whose value is controlled by React state. The component’s input value is bound to state using the value prop, and updates are handled via an onChange handler.

Pros:

• Full control over form data

• Easier validation and conditional rendering

• Data always reflects the UI state

Uncontrolled Components

An uncontrolled component uses the DOM’s internal state to manage input values. Instead of React state, you use a ref to access the input value when needed (e.g., on form submission).

Pros:

• Simpler for quick forms

• Less React code and re-renders

Use controlled components for most cases, especially when validation, interactivity, or form submission control is needed. Use uncontrolled when you need quick access to DOM input values without React managing every change.

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