What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases?

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The key difference between SQL and NoSQL databases lies in how they store, structure, and manage data.

1. SQL Databases (Relational)

  • Structured data stored in tables with predefined schemas (columns and data types).

  • Use SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying and manipulating data.

  • Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, Oracle

Features:

  • Schema-based: Requires a fixed schema.

  • ACID compliant: Ensures strong consistency and transactions.

  • Relationships: Supports complex joins and relationships between tables.

Use Cases:

  • Financial systems

  • Traditional enterprise applications

  • Applications needing complex queries and strong data integrity


2. NoSQL Databases (Non-relational)

  • Handle unstructured or semi-structured data.

  • Use flexible schemas (or schema-less), ideal for rapidly changing data.

  • Types include:

    • Document (e.g., MongoDB)

    • Key-Value (e.g., Redis)

    • Column-Family (e.g., Cassandra)

    • Graph (e.g., Neo4j)

Features:

  • Flexible schema: Easily adapt to changing data.

  • Scalable: Designed for horizontal scaling and big data.

  • Eventually consistent (not always ACID, but BASE: Basically Available, Soft state, Eventually consistent)

Use Cases:

  • Real-time analytics

  • Content management

  • IoT and large-scale web apps

Both serve different needs—SQL for reliability and structure, NoSQL for flexibility and scalability.

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